Nida clinical trials network fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence fnd heatherton tf, kozlowski lt frecker rc 1991. Fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence how is fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence abbreviated. If your score is 5 or less, your level of dependence on cigarettes is not very strong. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence faculty of medicine and. Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire addiction disorders an instrument designed to assess tobacco dependence, which evaluates among other factors depth of inhalation, time from awakening to the days first cigarette, smoking when bedridden with illness, and difficulty in refraining from smoking when it is forbidden as in, inside an airplane. The ndss contains 19 items and assesses a general factor of nicotine dependence and various factors derived from it. Write the number of the answer that is most applicable in the box to the right of the question. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence heart online. In the clinic, the fagerstrom test may be used by the physician to document indications for prescribing medication for nicotine withdrawal. Despite its widespread use over two decades, the literature reflects uncertainty regarding what aspects of nicotine dependence are tapped by the ftnd. A revision of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. A shorter test derived from the ftnd used for the general population is the heavy smoking index hsi six questions vs.
Ftnd abbreviation stands for fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence vs heavy smoking. Confirmatory factor analysis of the nicotine dependence. This instrument was modified to the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence by todd heatherton, et al. Subjects completed two nicotine dependence scales at baseline. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence aims to stratify the severity of nicotine addiction by quantifying smoking habits, the number of cigarettes smoked per day and any related symptoms. Confirmatory factor analysis of the nicotine dependence syndrome scale in an american college sample of light smokers. Discusses the applicability of the spanish version of the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence developed to improve the reliability and validity of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire, and its relationship to sex, age and consumption of cigarettes in a sample of smokers from galicia, spain. The correlation of two nicotine dependence measurement. Nicotine dependence is a state of dependence upon nicotine. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence question criterion score 1. Within 5 minutes 3 within 6 30 minutes 2 within 31 60 minutes 1 after 60 minutes 0 2. This paper focuses on a widely used, paperandpencil test of nicotine dependence the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire ftq. Translation find a translation for fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence in other languages.
The eight items were derived from theoretical notions of reliance on nicotine see fagerstrom and schneider 1989 for a. Please tick one box for each question how soon after waking do you smoke your first. Thus, depending on the brand used, the nicotine intake varied, which in turn would alter the nicotine load on the patient. Reliability of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire and the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. You arent in control of your smoking it is in control of you. This consists of six of the original items nicotine content and. Ftnd fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence acronymfinder. One factor that may be affecting the psychometric qualities of the scale is the use of a dichotomous, forcedchoice response. A free and open source software to merge, split, rotate and extract pages from pdf files. The subjects provided the research team with the average number of cigarettes smoked each day, and answered a questionnaire that measured nicotine dependence the fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence ftnd. We also found that a revised scoring of time to the first cigarette of the day ttf and number of cigarettes smoked per day cpd improved the scale. Pdf a psychometric evaluation of the fagerstrom test for. Within 5 minutes 630 minutes 3160 minutes after 60 minutes 3 2 1 0 2. Need for validation of fagerstrom test for nicotine.
When you make the decision to quit, you may want to talk with your doctor about nicotine replacement therapy or other medications to help you break your addiction. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence assessment score. The cds total scores are sums of all of the relevant 5 or 12 items. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence smokers helpline.
In the last decade, the importance of nicotine in maintaining smoking and in cessation difficulty has been acknowledged. Introduction the ftq was developed in 1978 to provide a short, convenient selfreport measure of dependency on nicotine fagerstrom, 1978. Support, information and resources help everyone quit smoking. Psychometric properties of ftnd have been validated among cigarette smokers, but the reliability and validity of its variant for smokeless tobacco st users ftndst is not well documented. The objective of this study is to compare the validity of the hsi versus the ftnd. Heatherton tf, kozlowski lt, frecker rc, fagerstrom ko. Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disease defined as a compulsive craving to use the drug, despite harmful social consequences. How soon after you wake up to you smoke your first cigarette. A low dependence score indicates level of nicotine dependence and therefore the level of interventionsupport that the person will need to successfully cease smoking. Introduction the fagerstrfm test for nicotine dependence ftnd. Nida clinical trials network fagerstrom test for nicotine. Do you smokechew more frequently in the hours after waking than during the rest of the day. A patient who scores 4 would be considered to be moderately dependent on nicotine and.
Measuring nicotine dependence among highrisk adolescent smokers. The fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire was developed by karlolov fagerstrom. Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden. Prokhorov av, pallonen ue, fava jl, ding l, niaura r. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence data share 2. Approximately 60% to 80% of current smokers fulfill classic criteria for drug dependence. The international classification of diseases and the diagnostic and statistical manual for diagnosing tobacconicotine dependence emphasize the dependenceproducing drug nicotine. To explore the cross cultural validity and reliability of. How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence as a predictor of smoking abstinence. A systematic search for articles published up through december of 2007. Consequently, this has led to efforts to measure nicotine dependence.
The nicotine dependence syndrome scale ndss shiffman et al. Take this test and find out your level of dependence on nicotine. The closer your score is to the total score of 10, the greater the likelihood you are addicted to nicotine. Pdf the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence as a. An epidemiologic analysis of cooccurring alcohol and. Fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence listed as ftnd. The original validation includes the factors of drive, priority, tolerance, continuity, and stereotypy. Fagerstrom tolerance scale reliability and validity pomerleau cs, carton sm, lutzke ml, flessland ka, pomerleau of. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence you can make it. Modified fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence full test is available on the intranet. Use the following test to score a patients level of nicotine dependence once they have been identified as a current or recent smoker.
Which brand of cigarettes do you consider your regular brand. Nicotine dependence, fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence ftnd, saliva cotinine, correlation. Measure nicotine dependence by the fagerstrom test for. Finally, the rates of tobacco use, daily tobacco use, and nicotine dependence increased with increasing levels of alcohol consumption and the presence of an aud.
Notable in the psychometric literature of the ftnd is the lack of evaluations of the instrument among psychiatric smokers. Experimental models to evaluate nicotine addiction. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence is a standard instrument for. For each question, check v the box that best describes your response. The fagerstrom test for cigarette dependence ftcd formally ftnd is widely used for measuring physical dependence on nicotine.
The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. We selected the 10item modified ftq scale for this study as the total score on this scale had a higher correlation with salivary cotinine boyle et al. Tools for the assessment of nicotine dependence are important for clinical research. What is the abbreviation for fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence. For example, patient x smoked 10 bidis of particular brand corresponding to an intake of 10. On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day. Pomerleau behavioral medicine program, department of psychiatry. Nicotine replacement medications nicotine addiction. Fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence how is fagerstrom.
Original investigation dependence on tobacco and nicotine. Balfour d, benowitz n, fagerstrom k, kunze m, keil u. Nicotine dependence develops over time as a person continues to use nicotine. Hughes and hatsukami, 1986 is an eightitem scale that assesses current symptoms of tobacco withdrawal including cravings and irritability range 032. Scoring the fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence to remind you of information covered in module 1 about scoring the test. Nicotine dependence tobacco use disorder is the most common substance use disorder in the united states. After 60 minutes 3160 minutes 630 minutes within 5 minutes 0 1 2 3. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence in a spanish. A previous experience of withdrawal symptoms during a quit attempt is also a sign of nicotine dependence. The fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence ftnd use the following test to score a patients level of nicotine dependence once they have been identified as a current or recent smoker. Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden, e.
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